Ecological

By the mid 1600s, Stockholm outgrew the three islands it originally inhabited. As such, the city walls were dismantled and the city was expanded both...Read more

In the early 1900s, it was decided that the Netherlands’ central water body, the Zuiderzee, would be reclaimed out of growing needs for flood protection...Read more

The Pearl-Qatar is an artificial island constructed off the West Bay Lagoon in Doha, south of the planned city of Lu- sail. It is the...Read more

Following the city’s re-establishment as Norway’s capital in 1814, Christiania grew substantially, particularly during world war years. During this time, the waterfront was expanded to...Read more

Immediately south of Copenhagen, Kalvebod comprises much of the western half of Amager island. An area of reclaimed seabed, Kalvebod was originally dammed and drained...Read more

The Netherlands has a long and well documented history of land reclamation projects dating back to the Middle Ages. Farmers in the 11th century settled...Read more

During the 16th and 17th centuries, Amsterdam emerged as a major centre of international trade and the seat of a pow- erful new merchant class...Read more

Formerly an open expanse of Biscayne Bay, the stretch of water between mainland Miami and Miami Beach was linked in 1913 by a 4 km...Read more

Originally one of the most productive wetlands of the Great Lakes, the marshes at the mouth of the Don River were rap- idly degraded by...Read more

For centuries, the Lenape inhabited the area at the conflu- ence of the Hudson and East Rivers. In the early 17th century Dutch settlers built...Read more